Bhavnath Temple Essay

Written summary and Communication-I Assignment I Case Analysis Bhavnath Temple Submitted On Submitted By 16-07-2010 Arpit Dangayach Section-A Roll No. 101114 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The problem is governments dilemma to go with lower or high(prenominal)(prenominal) reservoir electrical condenser. Governments objective is to provide economic study. It wants to increase agricultural production and generate higher revenues. filling 1, government can go for lower reservoir cogency. Option 2, government can go for higher reservoir capacity.Option 3, government can go for bring down reservoir capacity. Option 1 would save the temple. Revenues would be earned from agriculture and tourism. In option 2, temple would be submerged but higher production and revenues would be there. In option 3, lower production and revenues would be there but throw of the villagers will be beneficial for future expansion. Word Count 107 MAIN explanation The case has been set in post independence period of In dia. It talks about the governments plans for all-around economic development. In the undividedBombay state a proposal was put forth by the government to build dams across the rivers Lokmata and Sadmata in the northern part of Gujarat. The dams were to have a capacity of 4700 cardinal cu. ft. of water and facilitate irrigation of 92000 acres of land in 3 districts. The control levels of dams were as mentioned in point 1. However construction of the dams would result in go under of 10500 acres of land belonging to some 20 villages. Therefore the government also had the task of resettlement of the villagers and providing new sources of livelihood, thus adding direct follow to the cost of constructing the dam.But the government was determined about the feasibility of the project. However the control level of the dams would also lead to submergence of the temple of Bhavnath. This was an old temple which was considered exceedingly sacred and connected with Bhrugu Rishi. Also, the t emple attracted many tourists at the annual fair. Due to this reason the Government faced unfaltering opposition from the villagers. The government agreed to adjourn steps to protect the temple. However the final proposal had some changes made like the new control levels as mentioned in exhibit 2, raised capacity i. . 5700 million cu. ft. But this would lead to complete submergence of the temple and was inevitably met with adamant resistance from the people. Bombay was divided in 1960 and Gujarat was formed. The newly formed government was keenly interested in the dam scheme but the opposition still persisted. PROBLEM The central problem is the governments dilemma to go with send off I or Plan II. Plan I The dam would be constructed with control levels as in exhibit 1. The capacity would be 4700 million cu. ft. The revenues generated would be Rs. 15. 83 lakhs annually.The temple would be saved from submergence and provided with an all-weather access. Plan II The dam would be cons tructed with control levels as in exhibit 2. The capacity would be 5700 million cu. ft and higher revenues would be generated. The temple would be completely submerged. OBJECTIVES Economic Development The government wants to go for all-round economic development and thus provide better future prospects for the nation. Increase in Irrigation Potential The government wants to bring more area under irrigation and thus earn higher revenues. Resettlement of Villagers The government has to shift the villagers to a new location and also provide them with source of livelihood. Protection of Temple The government would not want to tolerate the religious sentiments of the villagers by submerging the temple and thus affect its vote bank. OPTIONS 1. The government can build the dams with reduced control levels as in exhibit 1. The capacity would be 4700 million cu. ft and it would facilitate irrigation of 92900 acres of land. This would help generate revenues of Rs. 15. 83 lakhs annually. 2 .The government can build the dams with higher control levels as in exhibit 2. The capacity would be 5700 million cu. ft and thus higher revenue generation. 3. The government can opt for slight reduction in the reservoir capacity i. e. below what was initially proposed. As the villagers realise the potential benefits due to the dam, the government can increase the reservoir capacity by expanding laterally. evaluation 1. If the government goes with Option 1, it would be fitted to protect the temple from submerging. This would also respect the religious sentiments of the villagers.Also, the government would be able to cash in on the revenues generated from the tourists arriving at the temple during the annual fair. The vote bank of the government would also be secured. Also there would be lesser shifting of the villagers required. However the reduced dam capacity would mean lower irrigation potential and lower revenues generated. 2. If the government goes with Option 2, it would be able to increase the irrigation potential and thus generate higher revenues. It would also mean better economic development for the village as well as the nation.However, as it would imply submergence of the temple, there would be stiff resistance from the villagers. The government would also have to face the ire of opposition parties. This would in turn hurt their vote bank. Submergence of the temple would also pessary the inflow of the revenues generated through tourism. There would also be additional burden on the government for shifting of the villagers and arranging their source of livelihood. 3. If the government goes with Option 3, they would be saving the temple from submergence.There would also be lesser number of villages getting submerged. This would save the government costs of resettlement of the villagers. As there is capable irrigation potential, the government can in future increase the irrigation potential by expanding the reservoir laterally. However revenues gen erated would be less and so would be agricultural production. bring through PLAN The government should go with Option 1. The dam would facilitate the irrigation of 92900 acres of land and generate annual revenues of Rs. 15. 83 lakhs.The government would also be able to collect the revenues generated from the tourists visiting the temple. This plan would protect the temple from submergence. As a result the governments action would be viewed in good credit by the villagers as their religious sentiments would be taken care of. This plan will also help the government to stay in power. It would win them the support from nearby villages too.

Art Impressionism Essay

Painting Technique & the Making of Modernity Anthea Callen described the cultural zeitgeist in Paris that paved the course for Impressionism, saying The nineteenth history is characterized in imposture history as an era of innovation. Science and technology provided painters with a greatly ext polish offed upchuck of artists materials and pigments, and colour merchants retailed a burgeoning selection of ready-made equipment. It is essential to consider non only the relationship between technological change ad artists techniques, but similarly the bracing age of which both were a product. She goes on to describe how painting outside became possible with inventions that made it easier to transport easels and paint, which, in turn, aligned with a aroma of egalitarianism and increased democratization of art and of organism an artist the French national motto now is Liberte, egalite, fraternite, pith Liberty, equality, fraternity (brotherhood). This motto, though adopted in the la te 19th century, was coined during the French revolution, which by take away time, had had almost 100 years to seep into the collective French conscience.These ideals of overturning monarchy and rejecting hierarchal authority would parallel the sensed headbutting of Impressionist painters against the Academie des Beaux- frauds, the judging body that dominated over who and what manner of painting could be shown publicly. The Academie held annual art exhibits that only featured paintings that conformed to its standards. For struggling artists, get theirs works exhibited gave them a chance at exposure to patrons of the art and could make or break a reputation, start a career, and win admirers as wellhead as fame.Parisian critics of the time largely aligned themselves with the Academie, and were preoccupied with keeping art within a strict and narrow set of guidelines. Anthea goes on to take note the power of the art critics of the late 18th century in helping to shape public perc eption of paintings, stating The written language of the criticism had the power to reckon the new artistic trends to a a nineteenth century public both visually untutored and suspicious of change.Therefore art critics, by mediating the meaning of paintings, could successfully def accustom the threat of the genuinely radical pictorial statement, disarming its political force Originally, even the term Impressionism was invented in a retrospect by then-columnist and art critic Louis Leroy. His first article with the term for the new painting style appeared in the Le Charivari newspaper and characterd the intelligence operation Impressionist from Claude Monets painting entitled Impression Sunrise (In french, Impression, Soleil Levant).In the article, he made fun of the new style of painting he was unaccustomed to, and sarcastically compared them to wallpaper and mere unfinished sketches. He wrote ImpressionI was certain of it. I was just telling myself that, since I was impressed , there had to be some impression in it and what freedom, what ease of workmanship Wallpaper in its embryonic state is more finished than that seascape. In 1874, Parisian artists from the Cooperative and anon. Society of Painters, Sculptors and Engravers staged an exhibit at the studio of photographer and journalist Felix Nadar.A stem of artists composed of Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, Camille Pissarro, and a few others organized the original group of paintings to be shown and were eventually joined by Paul Cezanne, Auguste Renoir and others. The exhibit was an open rebellion against the established artistic standards of the Academie des Beaux-Arts, and featured paintings that directly flouted the conventions of the period. The new style of painting, which featured odd composition, bright paint colors, and prominent, noticeable brush strokes went against almost everything that the Academie stood for.Degas The Dance Class is a perfect example of this style. According to art histori an Frederick Hart, Degas differs from the Impressionists in that he never adopted the Impressionist color fleck (Hartt 1976, p. 365 Hartt, Frederick (1976). Degas Art Volume 2. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall Inc. 365. ), but his use of bright colors, his delight at capturing everyday people in the middle of a moment, and his commitment to showing the effects of light and unusual composition were distinctive of the Impressionist movement.Even Degas himself did not like to align himself with the Impressionist movement, and historian Carol Armstrong points out in her biography of Degas that he did not like to be called an Impressionist He was often as anti-impressionist as the critics who reviewed the shows. Degas was quoted as saying, No art was ever less spontaneous than mine. What I do is the result of reflection and of the study of the great masters of inspiration, spontaneity, temperament, I know nothing. (Armstrong 1991, p. 22 Armstrong, Carol (1991). Odd Man Out Readings o f the Work and account of Edgar Degas.Chicago and London University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-02695-7) Although Degas did not originally like the term, now he is considered a large part of the Impressionist painting movement. Art historian Charles Stuckey defended Degas inclusion in the Impressionist cannon it is Degas fascination with the depiction of movement, including the movement of a spectators eyes as during a random glance, that is properly speaking Impressionist. (Guillaud and Guillaud 1985, p. 28Guillaud, Jaqueline Guillaud, Maurice (editors) (1985). Degas Form and Space. New York Rizzoli. ISBN 0-8478-5407-8)The Impressionist use of color was partly influenced by Japanese prints, in what it was called Japonism in France the late 1800s was a time of European fascination with the Orient, and with Japanese art in particular. These Japanese prints often made dramatic use of the cut-off composition where the subject is chopped off at the frame and Degas uses this visual device in The Dance Class as well as throughout his work. Degas was also heavily influenced by the early years of photography, which by the time of the Impressionists, had technologically advanced to the point of the snapshot camera.The blurriness and unintended cropping off that happened in developing a photograph provided an intriguing new way to look at the world, and Impressionists patterned their compositions in ways similar to the new photographs that had captured the public imagination. Like those photographs and Japanese prints, Degas overturns traditional compositional rules, and does so in many ways in The Dance Class the composition is asemetrical, the the dancers from unusual angles and viewpoints, as though Degas was trying to capture a glimpse that a passing viewer force have.These elements of composition were quite radical for those times, and critics reacted powerfully and negatively to Degas depictions of ballerinas. In of Degas paintings, dancers were shown backs tage or in rehearsal, emphasizing their status as professionals doing a job. This contrasted with their public, glamorous persona, and echoed the Impressionist idealization and jam with everyday situationsagain, a turn away from the focus of the Academies preference of religious and mythological themes.The subject matter of Impressionism is often casual, everyday life, captured with an immediacy raise by transient effects of light and atmosphere. In this work, it seems as though the moment depicted is one the viewer happened upon perhaps walking backstage. In no way do the figures seem posed, or, for that matter, poised. This was a radical departure from how paintings prefered by the Academie treated their subjects, and critics strongly reacted. Wrote Camille Mauclair in 1903 Not only does he amuse himself with noting the surplus movements of the dancers, but he also notes the anatomical defects. He shows with cruel frankness, with a strange love of modern character, the strong l egs, the thin shoulders, and the provoking and vulgar heads of these oft ugly girls of common origin. With the irony of an entomologist piercing the coloured insect he shows us the disenchanting reality in the sad shadow of the scenes, of these butterflies who bedaze us on the stage.He unveils the reverse side of a dream without, however, caricaturing he raises even, under the imperfection of the bodies, the animal grace of the organisms he has the severe mantrap of the true. (THE FRENCH IMPRESSIONISTS(1860-1900)BY CAMILLE MAUCLAIR Translated from the French text of Camille Mauclair, by P. G. Konody. 1903) The Dance Class shows many ballerinas at the end of a dance lesson. The asymmetrical composition has the whole arse right completely empty space mend the upper left of the canvas is full of figures.Several ballerinas are cut off at the surround of the painting (like photographs and Japanese prints), and they are in the middle of preening, slumping and seem completely unenga ged while watching their teacher, the principal figure in the middle of the canvas. Degas closely observed the most spontaneous, natural, ordinary gestures, and was reported to regularly watch dance practices at the Paris Opera, and shows one ballerina scratching her back while looking on, disinterested and seated on top of a piano.Degas took pains to show these women as they really were tired and inattentive ballerinas at the end of what undoubtedly was a long and athletically rigorous grueling rehearsal. This depiction exemplifies what Impressionism stood for a desire for ordinary people to be elevated as worthy of being depicted in art, a desire to capture movement and vibrant color, and a turn away from the rules and confines of the desires of the art elite. Perhaps Degas himself might not like it, but he most certainly characterizes Impressionism perfectly

Sleep Disorders

People are getting less sleep in todays society than they did 80 years ago (Myers 54). Although non every person needs to sleep the standard number of 8 hours a night, everyone has a set number they need to befitting in order to function optimally. About 20% of Americans are reporting that they are getting less than 6 hours of sleep a night (Davis). late inventions like computers, television, and social diversions are making this hard to achieve (Myers 53). Many population have the misconception that they can skimp on sleep now and by and by pay off their sleep debt with extra long sleep sessions, however, this is an untrue statement.The human brain keeps track and remembers the amount of sleep we are getting/not getting for at least two weeks at a time (Myers 54). It will take a lot more than a single somnolent weekend to get the body back on track. Sleep depravation has many effects, ranging from seemingly harmless to more prominent and severe. People who sleep less execute to experience higher rates of obesity, high blood pressure, memory impairment, irritability, slowed work performance, and impaired communication and concentration (Myers 54).The nuclear meltdown at Chernobyl and the Exxon Valdez oil tattle have been linked to in comfortable sleep (Coren). Data from a study on traffic incidents across Canada after daylight savings time, in which people lose one hour of sleep, showed a significant increase in the number of accidents than before the time change (Coren). Sleep depravation can weaken the bodys resistant system, which fights off viral diseases and other harmful illnesses like cancer (Myers 54). Psychologists believe there are a few explanations on why getting sufficient sleep is important.One reason is that sleep helps our body and brain repair damaged tissue. When sleeping, the neutrons in a persons body are also at rest and focal point on repairing themselves (Myers 55). Another reason is that sleeping helps people remember. During s leep, bodies bring back and reconstruct memories of daily experiences (Myers 55). It has been found that people who are trained on legitimate tasks and have a restful night of sleep can recall them better than others who do not (Myers 55). Some groups of people are sleep disadvantaged because they suffer from sleep isorders. These disorders, such as insomnia, sleep apnea, and narcolepsy (Myers 55-56), prevent individuals from receiving an adequate amount of sleep and can result in undesirable symptoms. Works Cited Coren, Stanley. twenty-four hour period Savings Time and Traffic Accidents. New England Journal of Medicine. Massachusetts Medical Society. , 04 Apr 1996. Web. 26 Jan 2012. Davis, Jeanie Meow. Sleep Deprivation in America. WebMD. com, n. p. 29 Nov 2011. Web. 26 Jan 2012. Myers, David G. Psychology in Everyday Life. New York Worth Publishers, 2009. Print.

Psychoanalytic Analysis Essay

Richard, 44 years old, was referred by his doctor who felt that he had a major drinking problem. Initially, Richard resisted seeing himself as a problem drinker and preferred the idea that he was depressed. Richard exhibits impulsive binge behavior, engages in frantic efforts to avoid olfactory sensations of loneliness, shows a pattern of wonky and acuate interpersonal relationships, displays inappropriate pettishness, and manifests extreme toughness swings.Nevertheless, it appears that Richard has no signifi bedt medical problems or medical history. Richardss m otherwise died when he was 10 and his stimulate sent him to a private boarding school, feeling that he could not manage to bring up his son by himself. Richard felt that he was cast out by both of his parents ? by his mother who died and left him and by his father, just when he had most needed his love, companionship and support. He has had three marriages, each of which finish when his wife left.Typically, each woma n grew tired of his continual drinking binges and all that went with his alcoholism getting fired from job after job, not being a father to his children, being abusive both communicatoryly and physically to her and being extremely dependent on her. Consequently, Richard thinks that he did not have what it back aways to keep a wife and eventually grew increasingly bitter towards women since they all left him when he needed them the most. In the aspect of his work, he feels a great deal of anger towards his former boss who fired him.He complains that when he was broke his boss took his job away from him and didnt offer him support. Thus, in his eyes, important men ever so let him down including male friends who broke contact beca function of his drinking. Diagnosis (based on the criteria of manifestations), Psychodynamic Analysis, Use of Free Associations, Theoretical Treatment and Conclusion Based on the manifestations presented on the overview of Richards case, we can classify hi m to belong in the group of Psychiatric Disorders known as Personality Disorders.Personality Disorders are pervasive chronic mental disorders characterized by an individuals unique psychological traits and inability to form or maintain interpersonal relationships that revolve around the sphere of family, friends, and work environments ((MentalHelp. net, 2001). Richards salient manifestations are further classified into the Borderline type of Personality Disorder. Dombeck (2001), in his article Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms enlisted the following symptoms, which are ordinarily seen in persons with this state Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment. A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by alternating between extremes of glory and devaluation Identity disturbance markedly and persistently unstable self-image or sense of self Impulsivity in at least two areas that are potentially self-damaging (e. g. , spending, sex, snapper abuse, reckless driving, binge eating) Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or threats, or self-mutilating behavior Affective instability due to a marked reactivity of mood (e. g. , intense episodic dysphoria, irritability, or anxiety usually lasting a few hours and only rarely more than a few days) A chronic feelings of conceitedness Inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger (e. g. , frequent displays of temper, constant anger, recurrent physical fights) transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms (Criteria summarized from American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition. Washington, DC American Psychiatric Association. ).Hence, as we can see in the aforementioned(prenominal) clinical manifestations, Richard can real belong in this type of disorder.A question may be generated in our minds as to the performers that can trigger the occurrence and pique o f this disorder in an individual. In line with this, we can device the Psychodynamic approach, which will lead us to trace and analyze the advent of this condition to a person. concord to Ballas (2006), one of the root causes or risk factors of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is abandonment renders in puerility. As we can observe, we can directly relate this factor to Richards case since he perceived her mothers death and his fathers decision to send him to the boarding school as abandonment.This issue has affected him in these ways when his mother died, in that location was somewhat a feeling of loss as any individual could have when a love one passes away. However, this feeling was aggravated by the decision of his father. Instead of comforting him, sending him away was the remedy because his father in turn had doubts if he can bring up his son properly. The decision of father was not fosterful to the grieving Richard who absolutely by that time needed the support system to alleviate him make it through. Further, this may have caused a significant anxiety, which can prompt the Richards disorder.Hence, this disorder as anxiety-related. As defined by Gale (1998), anxiety is an un advised strategy in which an individual would want to avoid a negative stimulus in view of the fact that it causes a somewhat threat on his or her ego integrity. This must have played a role in Richards condition. In this way, defense mechanisms are the way to unleash their feeling within. Defense mechanism is defined and expounded as a psychological mechanism to lessen tension and to shelter the ego from potential threat. Defense mechanisms can serve up an individual cope with anxiety or it can alike be harmful.The defense mechanisms that we will be dealing with are still based on the definitions on the same article. As we can evaluate Richards symptoms, we can clearly discern the defense mechanisms that he used. Denial was one of them. It was characterized by his immu nity to the fact that the doctor said that he has a major drinking problem. Denial was his attempt to eliminate the threatening information that he was confronted. Projection was also used in the aspect of his unsuccessful marriages. It was characterized by blaming his wives who left him to cover up the feeling of inadequacy as a husband to them.In other words, he projected his mistakes to other people. He also used displacement as a defense mechanism, as revealed by his an abusive husband and father. On the other hand, he exhibited five of the criteria for the disorder impulsive binge behavior, frantic efforts to avoid feelings of loneliness, inappropriate anger, pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships and extreme mood swings. The use of indigent association is helpful in this case as it can help to connect the details of the Richards thoughts and experiences.According to Chiriac (translation by Cristea, 2008), in her article About the Free Associations Method, free associations are useful in a way that thoughts are autonomously activated by chance verbal associations, influence conscious psychic life in a frequently dramatic manner and the task of psychoanalysis is to bring such complexes to the surface of conscious mind and eventually integrate them into the patients life. Thus, Richards thought may have been unveiled and interpreted by the doctor with the use of this method. Levin (2001) shared some important details in the treatment of BPD in her article in MentalHealth. et.She said that the treatment of choice for BPD, as with most temper disorders, is Psychotherapy. Further, it must be noted that making contract with the individuals with suicidal attempts is essential and must be taken as an initial action. Medications may be prescribed. However, there are still controversies on this matter. She also emphasized that the therapists or the clinicians must be firm in handling this individuals because BPD patients are difficult to deal with. As she recommended, the most successful and effective comprehensive approach to date has been Marsha Linehans Dialectical Behavior Therapy.This psychotherapy seeks to teach the client how to learn to better take control of their lives, their emotions, and themselves through self-knowledge, emotion regulation, and cognitive restructuring and is often conducted within a group setting. In addition, hospitalization will also be of great help since it provides a highly-structured environment necessary for the individuals independence. As with this disorder, medications are not specifically prescribed. Nevertheless, some medications such as antidepressant and anti-anxiety agents may be necessary to alleviate associated symptoms.Hence, Levin (2001) also emphasized the importance of self-help and support groups for patients suffering from this disorder. Therefore, a sufficient understanding of the case has been achieved by those aforementioned points that have been discussed. We have traced how Richard has gotten his condition through a careful analysis of the objective manifestations, which have been presented in the overview of this study. We can associate how the events in Richards childhood contributed to the intrapsychic conflicts and anxiety that had developed in him in the course of time.We have utilized some defense mechanism that he used in order to protect his ego from anxiety-provoking stimuli. In this way, we knew how his past had greatly affected his interpersonal relationships, which include that of his previous wives and even on his children. Moreover, the symptoms that he manifested were useful in order for us to identify the disorder that he is into and so we knew that he has five of the necessary criteria to classify him in the Borderline type of Personality Disorders.On the hand, the use of free association method is valuable to recognize the underlying details behind Richards disorder. Finally, we learned how psychotherapy is necessary to tr eat his psychiatric condition, how support-system plays a racy role in achieving proper treatment goal and how hospitalization is necessary to facilitate structured environment for Richard. Thus, we learned how the living environment can truly impact a persons psychological aspect, or should we say his integrity as a holistic being, throughout his lifetime.

Medicalization of Childbirth

1. BACKGROUND In the 1700s, Barber-surgeons, predecessors of the obstetricians belonged to a low companionable standing, similar to that of carpenters and shoemakers, members of the arts and cope guild. In an endeavor to create social mobility and improve social status, barber-surgeons saw the opportunity to expand their expertise and redefined the perception of their skill as life saving, a higher moral order. Soon, barber-surgeons gained a competitive edge over midwives to practise at difficult home-deliveries, by manual non- medical exam checkup-instrumental extraction of fetus from the birthing womanhood (Dundes, 1987).Contrary to lay belief that fetal life began only at the point of quickening when expectant woman felt fetal movement (20 weeks), Obstetricians utilized their bio-scientific fellowship from the expertise of the microscope to claim that the start of perinatal life begins from the point of idealion (Costello, 2006). This Inter original rivalry sparked resista nce from the displaced midwives. However, English midwives succeeded in certifying midwifery practice through the 1902 obstetrics act (Costello, 2006).This was an important step in put togethering midwives not as physician-rivals, but as para-medical subordinates. In the same year, 1902, the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the British pudding stone was published (Drife, 2002). Early physician Mosher observed inverse relationship of declining birthrate and increasing abortion rate. He hypothesized that women opted for criminal abortion to avoid childbirth pain. This sparked widespread attention from society to reduce the disincentives of childbirth. Hence, obstetricians made claims to be able to alleviate childbirth pain, creating a market for obstetrics.In 1900s, only 15% of deliveries were in hospitals (Jones, 1994), after the ministry of health expanded agnate hospital facilities, hospital deliveries sored from 60% in 1925, to 70% in 1935 and 98% in 1950 (Loudon, 1988 ). This sharp increase also correlates with the emergence of chloroform and ether as the first analgesics during the mid 1800s, followed by the Twilight Sleep consumer movement, of scopolamine and morphine, in the early 1900s, championed by middle and upper class women for constitutional rights to painless childbirth.Under the guise of these feminist efforts, medicalization of pregnancy and childbirth changed the orientation of childbirth to something unnatural, and created consumer demand for medical intervention. Finally, the formation of universal healthc be systems, such as the NHS, in an attempt to provide welf ar-state equality to health bearing access, gained world-beater over womens reproductive status and decisions. 2. INTRODUCTION Medicalization occurs when a social problem is defined in medical terms, described using medical language, understood through the adoption of a medical framework, or treated with medical interventions (Conrad, 2007).Pregnancy and childbirth ha s been subjected to the process of medicalization through increased medical jurisdiction and medical surveillance over these natural domains of life. There are deuce-ace levels of medicalization conceptual, institutional, and interactional (Conrad, 2007). This essay explores ways at which these three levels of medicalization have been applied to pregnancy and childbirth, and its consequences. 3. DISCUSSION 3. 1 Conceptual medicalization Pregnancy was an fuck strictly confined to women, while childbirth was a domestic case attended by effeminate relatives and midwives.This exclusive and empowering experience opposed and threatened patriarchy, the dominant culture of modern society, creating a social problem of female superiority. Hence, professional obstetricians emerged, eliminated midwifery, and created a medical model of practice that cast a disabling view on pregnancy and childbirth, resigning male participation as womens salvation or at least, her equal. Medical authority and medical technologies attempt to reduce the mystical and individual experience of the women, and allow participation of men in the shared out pregnancy and childbirth experience.One way of removing power from the female experience is to shift the focus away from adaptive bodily functions, to a desexualized and depersonalized birthing experience, with introduction of elements of patriarchy. The situation of the women was further removed through the application of the lithotomy (dorsal recumbent) position and epidural anesthesia. The lithotomy position has the woman lies on her back, facing the ceiling, with her legs separated and held by stirrups.She is condition no ocular or physical access to the birthing process, and no free access to movement. She merely allows. Epidural anesthesia removes bodily sensations from the waist down. Hence, the birthing woman does not receive contraction signals from her body to bear-down and expel the child. She has to depend on obstetricians f or objective data on her delivery progress. Risks and choices are also presented in medical terms, hence, women are unable to understand and make informed choices or negotiate participation in their pregnancy and childbirth process.Then, the woman is stripped of her individual identity and given identities based on the age, maternal co-morbidities, number of pregnancy (Parity), and point of period in delivery (Gravid). These gives obstetricians biological discipline of the individual, allowing better assessment of the body and applying of the concept of jeopardizes to the management of care. Further much, the womans identity now revolves around the unborn child. Her choice of diet and lifestyle is now dictated by the risks she is willing to say on the unborn child.The rights of child over mother are highly contested in the literature. After depersonalizing the woman, weakening the sex activity ideology at birth, an attempt to desexualize the birthing process is done by creating taboo and discomfort to the sexual nature of childbirth. In Midwifery techniques, hands-on perineal massage, which involves preparatory stretching of the vaginal passage and stimulation of the nipples and clitoris to elicit biological hormones that relaxes and lubricates the vaginal walls, supports natural delivery.However, obstetricians attempted to remove suggestions of female sexuality from the birthing process to allow involvement of a male-dominated profession. Substituting the natural, with artificial injectable hormones (Pitocin) to induce industry caesarean sections to remove the child from an above-naval-abdominal surgery and episiotomies (clean incision and straight reunion of the skin, as opposed to a irregular natural tear) as a mark of the obstetrician. This ebbs the empowering experience of the body and increases the dependency on external medical interventions.They also cranny episiotomies and cesarean sections to intercede for the husband, who assumes legal acc ess and possession of the body and sexuality of the birthing woman who has been destroyed by the birth of her child. Another example to ornament presence of patriarchy is how technology reveals and shares the individual pregnancy experience of the pregnant woman with her husband, is through ultrasonography-enabled-visualization of the child in formation. As such, he pregnant women no longer has authoritative knowledge over her pregnancy, but now engages in an more egalitarian relationship with her husband, an equal partner in the pregnancy experience. 3. 2 Institutional Medicalization Obstetricians became self-governing-businessmen through private practice. Their capitalistic motivations were achieved solely through their medical authority, and not through training in business management. They could determine the type of obstetric interventions women of each social class deserved.A 75% cesarean section rate among private patients compares to 25% among general patients in sweet Yo rk (Hurst and Summey, 1984). This suggests a difference in professional accountability of physicians treating different paying classes. Private obstetricians receive out-of-pocket fees directly from their patients maintain continuity of care, a personal doctor-patient relationship is expected. Obstetricians become socially indebted to direct-paying patients hence they may exercise their skill of medical interventions in exchange for the fee, imposing medical procedures on women even in the absence of indication.Furthermore, the circumferent doctor-patient relationship of private practitioners allows the professional to better evaluate the emotion-translated financial willingness or financial ability to pay for additional cost of medical interventions. High information access through prenatal education and consultations positively correlates with high prenatal care and high cesarean rates (Hurst and Summey, 1984). Theoretically, increased prenatal care should decrease the risks of p regnancy and childbirth hence less medical intervention should be required.Hence, it is suggested that with medicalized care expanding its surveillance to the prenatal period, in that location is increased awareness of the dangers of childbirth complication, and of permutation birthing methods, putting high SES New York women at risk for choosing medical intervention, which carries surgical risks on its own. Interestingly, women of lower SES in public hospitals in India were also subjected to more medical interventions and became targets of governmental missions of population control and subjected to pressure to undergo sterilization after delivery (Van Hollen, 2003).Another notable finding was the extensive use of drugs to induce labor, where drug-induced labor was a means of crowd-control, to free up maternity beds for new patients (Van Hollen, 2003). This root constraint defers from the picture of many modern western countries. In which extensive infrastructure was built in mo re fertile days, and with declining birth rates, more invasive medical procedures such as cesarean section ensures longer hospital stays, utilisation of resources and sustaining jobs of healthcare workers in the maternal hospital (Hurst and Summey, 1984).By medicalizing pregnancy and childbirth, the state, through government hospitals and public policies can efficaciously control the rate of reproduction. Hence, it is seen in both social classes, obstetricians have different motivations for the medicalization of childbirth. Another factor fuelling the medicalization of childbirth is obstetricians fear of malpractice suits. Government employers indemnify obstetricians working in general hospitals, however private practicing obstetricians do not receive this privilege. Hence, private patients are able to bring malpractice suits directly to the practitioner, and his practices reputation.Fear of malpractice suits are frequently cited for the increase in cesarean rates in New York (Hur st and Summer, 1984). Hence, private practitioners reduce the risk of being legally liable for unsuccessful or involved childbirth by relying on their skills and exercising authority to decide on medical interventions. Private practitioners also pay a huge premium for malpractice insurance to cover for themselves. In New York, malpractice insurance premiums have risen from $3,437 to $50,000 over three decades (Hurst and Summey, 1984). Application of costly medical interventions helps private obstetricians to cover this cost. . 3 Interactional medicalization Through the cultural interaction between obstetrician and his patient, obstetricians attempt to control culturally deviant behavior medical and intervene with obstetric medicine. Obstetricians routinize medical interventions as professional rituals to establish a sense of security and control over the unpredictable natural process of pregnancy and childbirth (Davis-Floyd, 2002). As part of the obstetricians professional duty, th ey experience the agonizing prospect of the encountering a biological defect or a loss of human life or biologically defective.Hence, when in the power to establish control mechanisms over nature, obstetricians instate medical interventions to protect themselves from emotional distress, from disability, death or whack from their patients. However, Floyd fails to acknowledge the functionalist and symbolic interactionist perspective, where obstetricians may employ medicalization, not solely from the power of professional authority but for social service to women, and a social duty maintain societys order.Simonds, 2002 points out that as small durations of time become socially meaningful, the perceived scarcity of physical time increases, perceived control of events in ones life decreases. This rightly illustrates increased encourage and meaning of the period preceding childbirth, as social pressure to produce a new functional member of the social group, on both women and obstetricia ns increases. Ultimately, medical interventions not only serve the interest of obstetricians, but also to women and society as a whole.For example, the change from trimester to weekly observe of pregnancy and the introduction of a scheduled hourly-charting at labor, does not merely enable increased medical surveillance and control, but also increases social contact which legitimizes womans gender role and addresses the valued significance of pregnancy and childbirth as social events. To the same effect, the medical category expansion to include prenatal screening at dated-pregnancy-checkpoints is also a social construction influenced by the 20th century eugenics project.Prenatal screening allowed in-utero detection of biological defects such as Cleft lip spinal bifida Downs syndrome, and determination of sex, this screening creates points of knowing for crucial decision-making. Through selective abortion another obstetric procedure, obstetricians and women play God, make choices o n rejecting or accepting the child into the family and society. This stems from the desire to have a perfect child in a eugenic society. Next, risks is defined by obstetricians, whether a women is or not allowed to have a normal birth.Medical students are taught in terms of the very dichotomous high or low risk assessment of pregnancy. Obstetricians are able to develop diagnoses to categorize deliveries as high risk. Previously, due to poor nutrition, women suffered from a calcium deficiency known as rickets, hence malformed rose hip caused difficulty in vaginal delivery (Drife, 2002). Now, doctors socially construct small pelvis as a diagnosis of cephalo-pelvic disproportion (Beckett, 2005). Women then see themselves as defective, blame themselves, hile doctors use this emotional-blackmail, threatening women of her babys death, usually into submission, hence legitimizing his obstetric power. Hence, obstetricians attempt to use objective criteria to label the highly subjective defi nition of complicated or high-risk pregnancies. Another example is obesity. Women with obesity have higher rates of cesarean section (Beckett, 2005). Hence, these deviant behaviors are perceived as vicarious and have a higher rate of medical intervention.Obstetricians also exaggerate the dangers of childbirth (Cahill, 2001), implicitly suggesting the potential for complications and risks. It is suggested that women internalize gender systems such as knowledge, discourses and practices of the female norm and acts it out during childbirth (Martin, 2003). Middle-class women view themselves as relational, caring, selfless, and discipline their bodies to adhere to the prescribed gender identity. At childbirth, women may actively request for medical intervention, such as analgesia, epidural anesthesia, cesarean sections under general anesthesia, to prevent deviant behavior.This social driver for medicalization of childbirth is also reflected in the increased risk of childbirth portrayed by the media. Media constantly focuses on exaggeration, creation of a medical crisis. The birthing women agonizing in pain, the use of machines to denote life or death, and the swarming of medical personnel at the birth bed portrays an increase tension and risks at childbirth. Also, news reports home birthing, and finding of abandoned newborns as irresponsible, and linked to diseased child-abusers (Craven, 2005). . CONCLUSION Medicalization of childbirth and pregnancy is an attempt by society to maintain hegemony over the female body and the family, to perpetuate patriarchy, capitalism, vigilance and risk-caution as the dominant culture. However, there is a vast difference in the motivations of this social process. Society sees inequality of gender as a social problem, hence it attempts to control female hyponymy through the medicalization of pregnancy and childbirth, experiences paramount of the female gender identity.Then, society attempts to control the reproduction of the popul ation by structurally categorizing women according to their ability to access maternal facilities of care. The ideal childbirth experience was then linked to the idea of Socio-economic status. Women, who could afford medicalized care, received the most current and advanced technologies. While women who could not afford medicalized care often received less medical interventions, creating a subjective experience lesser than that of the already established norm of hospitalized painless childbirth.Also, the state could more effectively control population growth through the authority of the attending obstetricians. Lastly, society attempts to control the ideal construction of a society, seeing the unpredictability of childbirth as a social problem, hence attempting to control it with an expansion of medical category to include risk assessments such as prenatal screening and intensive monitoring of delivery process at childbirth. Society also sees the unruly behavior of women at childbirt h as deviant and attempts to control it with medicine and medical interventions.

Technology of War

Patrick Struszczyk Professor mako November 23, 2010 HHS-125 Technology of state of war War brings with it a surge of technologies. Develop custodyt of tactics, machines, and general engineering science usually break in times of trial. Two wars, the french and Indian War and the Revolutionary War, are prime examples of how technology and tactic morph and evolve. Tactics in war are one of the more vital aspects, a proper set of tactics can help overcome dramatic odds. The French/Indian War involved the French, the Natives of North America, and the British.During the war, European powers followed strict guidelines and protocol when in battle form lines of 3 men deep, fire in volleys, take care of prisoners lives, opposing generals would dine together these and other rules composed European warfare. The Indians, on the other hand, fought guerilla style ambushing and using hit/run maneuvers to harass, tire, and weaken the enemy. The tactics in the French/Indian War were integrated by the Americans during the Revolutionary War while the British act with their traditional tactics. Though tactics play an important role in battle, it is not the single compute that determines the victor.As war developed, so did the machines apply. An army with more advanced weapons would have tremendous advantages over an army with out-of-date weapons. During the French and Indian War, great strides were made in the area of guns and cannons. Both the French/Indian and British used muskets, cannons, and the newly created rifles. Involving muskets the British favored the Brown Bess and the French had the Charleville (French and Indian War). Before this war muskets were barely accurate at around 50 meters and had to be protected by pikemen when reloading.The addition of bayonets and rifling in the barrel fixed these problems and increased effectiveness. Since rifling was expensive and time consuming, at first only the better(p) shots in the regiment were given rifles (Weapons). T he Revolutionary war continued these military improvements. Rifles began replacing muskets in the British divisions while the Americans had to collect weapons from the French and Indian War, other countries, or from captured British holds. A key in battles such as in Boston and defending coastal bases were cannons (Valis).Cannons were usually imported from England and stolen by the Americans, they were metrical based on the size of the cannonballs they fired. War is demanding on not only soldiers, but also on citizens who have to provide food, funds, shelter, and tools for the armies. The demands of war usually bring advancement of general technology either during or after a war. A few years after wars, the technology is usually made turn over the public to do what they can and adapt it to their lives while the government begins new ways of improving warfare. A few examples are from the French and Indian war.The men kept their muskets and were able to use them for hunting and such . mutual parts in France began in the production of muskets but soon trickled into textiles, crafts making and such (Interchangeable). War is an performance that evolves over time due to development in tactics, weapons, general technology, and other factors such as the changes from the French and Indian war to the American Revolution.Works CitedFrench and Indian War. MilitaryFrench and Indian War. GlobalSecurity. Org, 27 04 2005. Web. 23 Nov 2010. http//www. globalsecurity.org/military/ops/french_indian. htmValis, Glenn.Tactics and Weapons of the Revolutionary War.. Tactics and Weapons of the Revolutionary War. A basic overview of how the weapons of the American Revolution were used and why.. Glenn Valis, 3/31/02. Web. 23 Nov 2010. http//www. doublegv. com/ggv/battles/tactics. htmlINTERCHANGEABLE split . Inventors and Inventions from the 1700s the Eighteenth Century INTERCHANGEABLE PARTS2010. n. pag. EnchantedLearning. com. Web. 23 Nov 2010. http//www. enchantedlearning. com/inv entors/1700. shtml

Disney Movies

The prohibit influence of Disney paintings on kidskinren Disney photographs have a target audience of childlike impressionable children. Although Disney movies on first glance are entertaining and educational for the young top dog it actually has many hidden messages that children do non realize are negative and believe that what they perk up is what is true. Disney movies contain a negative representations that are racist towards ethnic groups, sexism towards the behavior and handling of women, and construct inconclusive realities which are destructive to the human dignity.Disney movies contain stereotypical ideologies related to ethnicity that construct a negative representation. In many distinguishable Disney movies different ethnic groups are equal in different shapes and forms, some positive, others very offensive. As young children contain these movies they are open(a) to all its content and belive that what they see is true. Disney does not directly display the r acism but make it so that it is infered. Specifically, in a Disney movie the black residential area is chargen as hyennas.The hyennas are represented as noisy, rude, and disruptive. For instance, when a boy was walking chain reactor the street with his mother a group of black children were playing in the park. The boy told his mother that the hyennas were piece of tail them. The boy who watched the movie was do to believe that when he hears a noisy group it clicks in his mind that they are of the black community. The young boy does not know that it is wrong as he was exposed to the Disney movie that made him believe that racist stereotype.By the same token, in another Disney movie the mexi rouse community are represented as little chihuahuas with an accent and negative stereotypes. Likewise the asian community is represented in one movie as siamese cats with slender eyes. As a consequence children who watch Disney movies are exposed to many racist stereotypical ideologies that construct negative representations. Secondly, Disney movies contains negative ideologies related to norms of behaviour for genders and age. How Disney portrays gender in their movies is in one of the most negative ways. unripe boys and girls entrust watch the movies and will chequer not only how to treat the other gender but also stereotypes on their own gender. Children will also learn that age is not just a number, it defines who you are as a person. Disney movies show older men as wise, smart know it alls which is all not that bad but not a truthful statement. It also shows that older women are mean, villeanous, evil, and rude which is also a false statement. Disney labels stereotypes on age groups that children believe and associate in real life.Similarly, Disney labels portrays negative ideologies of the norms of behaviour of both men and women. In fact in a very famous Disney, Beauty and the zoology the stereotypes are very intimately seen to an educated eye but to a childs eye its just new information. In Beauty and the Beast there are many ideologies presented, a very obvious one is how the Prince Adam the Beast treats Belle, how Belle believes she can tack the Beast. In the movie Belle is treated with huge amount of disrespect, being locked in her room and told to starve, get abused physically and verbally.Belle also thinks that til now though the Beast is mean and cold hearted she can convince him in to a prince charming. When a child is exposed to how Belle is treated, how the Beast is such a powerful man, and how Belle save believes she can change him, the child will start to think like it is portrayed in the movie that women do not need to be treated properly, men are the dominant, strong and brave gender, and even though women are mistreated they will keep coming back in hope to change them.As a result, Disney movies portray negative ideologies to children related to norms of genders and how they are treated and how age affects the intell ectuallity and personality. Lastly, Disney movies construct a false reality of this generations culture. By implementing all the different ideologies of race, gender, age, and many others a young child is easily influenced into accept that what he sees in his/her favorite disney movie is a reality of every day life.When a child learns negative ideologies such as stereotypes of ethnicity (like the boy who referred to a group of black children has hyennas as he remembered from a movie the laughing and noise they made) they start to believe that what happens in the film is also happens in reality. Young girls especially are the most influenced as in Disney women are portrayed as always cooking, cleaning, getting verbally, physcially and emotionally abused and just taking it.Young girls start to believe that it is a reality and it is their job to do those chores and it is acceptable to be treated poorly. Disney through their movies construct a false reality of how todays generation w ork and destructs the human dignity. In closing, Disney movies contain a negative representations that are racist towards ethnic groups, sexism towards the behaviour and interference of women, and construct false realities which are destructive to the human dignity.As a result of all the the negative stereotypes, young children who do not know any better than what they see in their favorite Disney are made to think that negative ideologies such as racism and sexism are acceptable in todays reality. As a consequence children are given a propaganda by disney that they can not deconstruct since they are so young and construct a misrepresentation of society. In brief, Disney movies negatively influence children.